Spatiotemporal green water dynamics and their responses to variations of climatic and underlying surface factors: A case study in the Sanjiang Plain, China

The Sanjiang Plain (SJP), located at the confluence reaches of Heilong, Songhua, and Wusuli Rivers in Northeast China. This study aimed to quantify effects varying climate land-use/land-cover (LULC) dynamics on green water (GW) over SJP during two distinctive periods (i.e., pre-2000 post-2000), when synergetic increased precipitation temperature rapid development agriculture occurred. assessment used distributed eco-hydrological model ESSI-3. Multivariable multi-objective calibration approaches discharge, evapotranspiration, terrestrial storage anomaly) were ensure high accuracies outputs. research concluded that GW flow evidently after 2000 compared with before. Across SJP, responded differently changes LULC post-2000 period. Our results demonstrated predominately affected by climatic changes, especially variations precipitation, whose contribution accounted for more than 56% 2000. However, mainly governed influence cropland transformation, 20% posed a deep insight regarding impacts regional dynamics, which may benefit decision-making planting structure optimization adjustment region.